Specific Solvent Issues with Buchwald-Hartwig Amination

The Buchwald-Hartwig amination has been reported in a wide range of solvents, but hydrocarbons like toluene and xylene are commonly used as is 1,4-dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane should be substituted and aromatic hydrocarbons should be replaced if possible.

There are a number of reports of B-H amination reactions in water or in catalytic micelles in aqueous systems, or run neat without a solvent.

Green Chem., 2014,16, 4170-4178 t-BuXPhos: a highly efficient ligand for Buchwald–Hartwig coupling in water

Chem.Eur. J., 2007, 13, 2701–2716 9-Fluorenylphosphines for the Pd-Catalyzed Sonogashira, Suzuki, and Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reactions in Organic Solvents and Water

J. Org. Chem., 2011, 76, 4379-4391 TPGS-750-M: A Second-Generation Amphiphile for Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings in Water at Room Temperature

Eur. J.Org. Chem., 2014, 16, 3319–3322 Solvent-Free Buchwald–Hartwig Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides with Secondary Amines

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125,  6653–6655 Expanding Pd-Catalyzed C−N Bond-Forming Processes:  The First Amidation of Aryl Sulfonates, Aqueous Amination, and Complementarity with Cu-Catalyzed Reactions